高精度多功能智能蓄电池充电器研究

文章提出一种高精度多功能智能蓄电池充电器的解决方案,并对方案中的硬件和软件设计进行了详细分析和探讨,给出了实际电路的调试步骤及结论分析。     

高校一年级团支部建设存在问题及其对策

高校一年级团支部是高校团组织的新生力量,其发展直接影响高校团组织工作的顺利开展。处于社会转型期高校一年级团组织建设面临着重大挑战,要从制度育人、创新工作内容和形式、加强团干部的培育等方面改进高校一年级团支部建设。     

Patients rank toxicity against progression free survival in second-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma

Abstract

Background:

The aims of this study were to quantify and contrast patient preferences between second-line advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) medication profiles and their associated benefits and toxicities, and to help frame the doctor–patient discussion about selecting appropriate RCC therapies.

Research design and methods:

Adult residents of the US with a diagnosis of RCC completed a Web-enabled choice-format conjoint survey consisting of a series of 10 treatment-choice questions, each of which included a pair of hypothetical RCC medication profiles. Each profile was described by various medication attributes (features or outcomes) with varying levels. The attributes included efficacy (progression-free survival [PFS]), tolerability (fatigue, stomach problems, mucositis or stomatitis, hand–foot syndrome [HFS]), serious but rare adverse events (pneumonitis, hepatic impairment), and mode of administration. Treatment-choice questions were based on an experimental design with known statistical properties. Random-parameters logit regression was used to estimate relative preference weights for each attribute level. Benefit equivalent measures (additional months of PFS in exchange for toxicities) were also calculated.

Results:

Of the 272 patients who completed the survey, the majority were female (53%), white (92%), and had at least a college degree (66%). The mean age was 57 years (standard deviation: 10 years). Over the range of attributes and attribute levels included in the survey, PFS was the most important attribute, followed by fatigue, stomach problems, hepatic impairment, mucositis or stomatitis, HFS, pneumonitis, and mode of administration. To reduce severe fatigue to mild-to-moderate fatigue, patients on average would be willing to forego 4.4 months of PFS. To reduce hepatic impairment risk from 0.5% to 0.0%, patients on average would be willing to forego 1.0 month of PFS. The main study limitation was that patients answered hypothetical treatment-choice questions.

Conclusions:

This study provides information to physicians about patient priorities when reviewing and selecting RCC therapies with patients.     

对伏安法测量太阳电池输出特性实验的研究

采用电流表内接法和外接法2种方法对太阳电池的输出特性进行了测量,发现采用内接法测量时电流表的内阻不可忽视。通过对数据的分析拟合求解出了电流表的内阻,用求得的电流表内阻值对内接法测量的数值进行拟合,所得数据与采用外接法测量所得的数据基本吻合。     

小学语文教学中开放式课堂的实施效果分析

传统的教学仅仅局限于课堂,是一个封闭体系,对文本知识过于注重,而忽视了对学生各方面能力的培养,切断了语文与生活之间的密切联系,对学生个性、智力、能力等方面都有影响。因此,顺应学生身心发展的特点,在小学语文中实施开放式教学,是必由之路。本文阐述了开放式教学的涵义,对其具体实施方法进行了介绍,最后,对开放式教学实施后的效果进行了探析。     

论农村低年级学生数学学习习惯的培养

“高质低负”的教育理念在当今的教育教学工作中具有非常重要的指导意义,也是每一位教育工作者的努力方向。本文结合笔者的教学实践,探讨了农村小学低年级学生数学学习习惯的培养,及其在达成“高质低负”效果中的作用。     

基于民汉合校的双语中小学网络在线作业系统的设计

在从应试教育到素质教育转型的今天,计算机网络技术逐渐渗入社会生活各个层面的今天,传统的作业方式也面临着变革,而网络作业则是一个很重要的方向,尽快开发出一套适合新疆的中小学教育的双语在线网络作业系统是新疆这个特殊的地区电子化教学不可缺少的一个重要环节。     

加强高校共青团基层团支部职能化建设浅析

鉴于高校基层团支部职能化建设的重要性,文章针对高校基层团支部目前存在的主要问题进行了探讨,并根据新时期大学生的特点,提出具体措施,努力使基层团支部在加强高校思想政治教育和育人工程中发挥应有的作用。     

Lifetime cost of everolimus vs axitinib in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma who failed prior sunitinib therapy in the US

Abstract

Objective:

Everolimus and axitinib are approved in the US to treat patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after failure on sunitinib or sorafenib, and one prior systemic therapy (e.g., sunitinib), respectively. Two indirect comparisons performed to evaluate progression-free survival in patients treated with everolimus vs axitinib suggested similar efficacy between the two treatments. Therefore, this analysis compares the lifetime costs of these two therapies among sunitinib-refractory advanced RCC patients from a US payer perspective.

Research design and methods:

A Markov model was developed to simulate a cohort of sunitinib-refractory advanced RCC patients and estimate the cost of treating patients with everolimus vs axitinib. The following health states were included: stable disease without adverse events (AEs), stable disease with AEs, disease progression (PD), and death. The model included the following resources: active treatments, post-progression treatments, adverse events, physician and nurse visits, scans and tests, and palliative care. Resource utilization inputs were derived from a US claims database analysis. Additionally, a 3% annual discount rate was applied to costs, and the robustness of the model results was tested by conducting sensitivity analyses, including those on dosing scheme and post-progression treatment costs.

Results:

Base case results demonstrated that patients treated with everolimus cost an average of $12,985 (11%) less over their lifetimes than patients treated with axitinib. The primary difference in costs was related to active treatment, which was largely driven by axitinib’s higher dose intensity. Results remained consistent across sensitivity analyses for AE and PD treatment costs, as well as dose intensity and discount rates.

Conclusion:

The results suggest that everolimus likely leads to lower lifetime costs than axitinib for sunitinib-refractory advanced RCC patients in the US.     

Economic burden of selected adverse events in patients aged ≥65 years with metastatic renal cell carcinoma

Abstract

Objective:

To estimate the costs of adverse events (AEs) in patients aged ≥65 years with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC).

Methods:

Retrospective study using the linked Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Medicare database. Study subjects consisted of persons in SEER-Medicare, aged ≥65 years, with evidence of newly diagnosed mRCC between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2007. Adverse events of interest consisted of Grade 3 or 4 toxicities that have been reported with frequency ≥5% in randomized controlled trials of sunitinib, sorafenib, bevacizumab, and pazopanib (i.e., targeted therapies for mRCC), and included abdominal pain, back pain, diarrhea, dyspnea, extremity pain, fatigue/asthenia, hand-foot syndrome, hypertension, lymphopenia, nausea/vomiting, neutropenia, proteinuria, and thrombocytopenia. Patients in SEER-Medicare with these events were identified based on ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes on Medicare claims. For each AE of interest, costs were tallied among evented patients over 30 days, beginning with the date of each patient’s first mention of the AE, and were compared with those of non-evented patients over a similar 30-day period beginning with an identical ‘shadow’ index date. Total costs were compared on an unadjusted basis and with adjustment for differences in baseline characteristics using a generalized linear model.

Results:

A total of 881 patients with mRCC met study entry criteria; 60% of these patients had Medicare claims with mention of one or more AEs of interest. Events occurring with frequency >20% included abdominal pain, dyspnea, and fatigue/asthenia; 10–20% of study subjects had encounters for back pain, extremity pain, and nausea/vomiting. Mean (standard deviation) total cost of care over 30 days was substantially higher among patients with AEs ($13,944 [$14,529]) compared with those without mention of these events ($1878 [$5264]). Adjusting for differences in baseline characteristics, the mean (95% confidence interval) difference in costs between evented and non-evented patients was $12,410 ($9217–$16,522). Study limitations include problems in event ascertainment due to inaccuracies in ICD-9-CM coding on Medicare claims data, and restriction of the study population to patients with metastatic involvement at initial diagnosis of RCC.

Conclusions:

Costs of care are substantially higher in patients aged ≥65 years with mRCC who experience AEs commonly associated with sunitinib, sorafenib, bevacizumab, and pazopanib. Efforts to prevent and/or better manage these events potentially can reduce healthcare costs.